Eisenhower's Farewell Address Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Eisenhower's Farewell Address - Essay Example Notwithstanding, the ensuing occasions, including the Vietnam war, the Cold War, and the Gulf wars, have made issue in the brains of scholarly residents who need to live with harmony, freedom, and security. It appears that a few countries consider the powerful deadly implements industry of the USA as a danger, which additionally endangers worldwide security, freedom, and serene concordance. The virus war despite everything endures among Russia and the USA, and the two nations consider each other as adversaries despite the fact that numerous understandings have been marked before (Pesov, 2010). The message of Eisenhower repeated development of military to help the serene objectives, however it appears that the USA has welcomed more desire and hostility. North Korea, Iran, Lebanon, and a few Muslim nations are expanding their military solidarity to coordinate the force of the American military foundation. Isn’t the serene objective lost some place? Haven’t the wants of Am erican pioneers to make modern arms and to offer them at benefit to different nations curbed the quiet objectives of American residents? The ongoing wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have killed a huge number of honest regular citizens notwithstanding slaughtering officers.

Problems with Degu as a result of Incorrect Feeding Coursework

Issues with Degu because of Incorrect Feeding - Coursework Example This makes them drink more water and pee more. In the event that there is a lot of fat in the food, this messes liver up in particularly female degus who are in prolific age. This outcomes in an extreme increment in weight. The runs is another difficult that may happen in degus when they eat a lot of something, similar to a natural product or a vegetable splashed with synthetic compounds. They will play in small amounts rather than enormous droppings. Stoppage is brought about by inaccurate feedings like not taking enough water or lack of hydration. Overloading or unhindered taking care of results in stoutness which may likewise result from diabetes and hepatitis. Hepatitis happens when degu’s diet contains a lot of protein or fat. Degu may likewise become dormant and unpleasant bringing about disposition changes and shortcoming, a condition called anorexia brought about by hunger or insufficiency of nutrient C. Be that as it may, abundance of nutrient C messes rearing up like a regenerative disappointment in male degus. Stress or absence of iron in the eating routine may bring about alopecia that causes hide misfortune. Imbalanced eating routine for longer periods may likewise result in degu’s demise. To forestall these issues, degu’s diet must be directed by the suggested 10 grams of nourishment for a degu every day. Diet ought not be high in protein, fat, and sugar. Water ought to consistently be accessible for him. It is significant not to raise from degus who have had diabetes in their history. Great exercise levels ought to be kept up for degus by giving him forcing haggles to leave the confine.

Culture and It’s Elements Essay

Culture (Latin: cultura, lit. â€Å"cultivation†)[1] is a cutting edge idea dependent on a term initially utilized in old style relic by the Roman speaker, Cicero: â€Å"cultura animi†. The term â€Å"culture† showed up first in quite a while current sense in Europe in the eighteenth and nineteenth hundreds of years, to imply a procedure of development or improvement, as in farming or agriculture. In the nineteenth century, the term created to allude first to the advancement or refinement of the individual, particularly through instruction, and afterward to the satisfaction of national goals or beliefs. In the mid-nineteenth century, a few researchers utilized the term â€Å"culture† to allude to an all inclusive human limit. For the German nonpositivist social scientist Georg Simmel, culture alluded to â€Å"the development of people through the office of outside structures which have been externalized throughout history†.[2] In the twentieth centu ry, â€Å"culture† rose as a focal idea in humanities, enveloping the scope of human wonders that can't be credited to hereditary legacy. In particular, the term â€Å"culture† in American humanities had two implications: (1) the developed human ability to group and speak to encounters with images, and to act inventively and innovatively; and (2) the unmistakable ways that individuals living in various pieces of the world ordered and spoke to their encounters, and acted imaginatively. Differentiations are as of now made between the physical relics made by a general public, its purported material culture and everything else,[3] the intangibles, for example, language, customs, and so on that are the primary referent of the term â€Å"culture† SOCIAL ORGANIZATION  · Creates social structure by sorting out its individuals into little units to address essential issues.  · Family Patterns: family is the most significant unit of social association. Through the family youngsters figure out how they are relied upon to act and what to accept.  · Nuclear family: spouse, husband, kids. This is a run of the mill family in a modern culture (US).  · Extended family: Several ages living in one family unit, working and living respectively: grandparents, aunties and uncles, cousins. Regard for seniors is solid.  · Social classes: rank individuals arranged by status, contingent upon what is imperative to the way of life (cash, work, instruction, parentage, and so on.) CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS  · Rules of Behavior are authorized thoughts of good and bad. They can be customs, conventions, manages, or composed laws. RELIGION  · Answers fundamental inquiries concerning the importance of life.  · Supports esteems that gatherings of individuals feel are significant.  · Religion is frequently a wellspring of contention between societies.  · Monotheism is a faith in one god.  · Polytheism is a faith in numerous divine beings.  · Atheism is a faith in no divine beings. LANGUAGE  · Language is the foundation of culture.  · All societies have a communicated in language (regardless of whether there are no evolved types of composing).  · People who communicate in a similar language frequently share a similar culture.  · Many social orders incorporate an enormous number of individuals who communicate in various dialects.  · Each language can have a few unique tongues. Expressions AND LITERATURE  · They are the results of the human creative mind.  · They assist us with passing on the culture’s essential convictions.  · Examples: craftsmanship, music, writing, and society stories Types OF GOVERNMENT  · People structure governments to accommodate their normal needs, maintain control inside society, and shield their general public from outside dangers.  · Definition of government: 1. Individual/individuals who hold power in a general public; 2 Society’s laws and political foundations.  · Democracy: individuals have preeminent force, government acts by and with assent.  · Republic: individuals pick pioneers who speak to them.  · Dictatorship: ruler/bunch holds power forcibly as a rule depending on military help for power. Financial SYSTEMS  · How individuals utilize restricted assets to fulfill their needs and needs.  · Answers the fundamental inquiries: what to deliver, how to create it, and for whom.  · Traditional Economy: individuals produce the majority of what they have to endure (chasing, gathering, cultivating, grouping steers, make own garments/devices).  · Market Economy: purchasing and selling merchandise and enterprises  · Command Economy: Government controls what/how products are created and what they cost. People have minimal financial force  · Mixed Economy: Individuals settle on some monetary choices and the administration makes others.

Video Gaming Technology Can Be Beneficial Essay - 1741 Words

Video Gaming Technology can be Beneficial Student’s Name Institutional affiliation Video Gaming As a concerned parent, one would easily feel coaxed to venture into analyzing every aspect of the child s welfare from a day-to-day perspective. There is a common concern over what the kids play around with as well as the impacts created upon the receiver. Similarly, the use of video gaming presents a common challenge as to whether the games are of benefit or not in the educational system. Video gaming involves the use of computers and other technology devices to access a variety of games in the format of videos. The gaming hypothesizes to offer entertainment and educational information, especially, in cases where the game covers a specific topic in the contemporary society (Squire, K. 2013). However, the current situation in the industry presents a prospective possibility of the video gaming posing a threat to the educational development. Video gaming may support the cognitive development of children and nurture the social and interpersonal traits. Video sports date back to the early stages of the 1970s. The first video game finds its place in the year 1940 during the World s Fair exhibition by the Westinghouse. The video gaming used to be a form of a computer system that portrayed a simple machine with a game plan. In the match, the players competed on avoiding the process of picking the last matchstick within the game period. However, after the first program,Show MoreRelatedPlay Station And Video Games1710 Words   |  7 PagesExecutive Summary Play Station and video games are technologies used for entertainment across all age groups all around the world. The young children aged from 5 to 10 years old occupy the largest percentage of users. Today there is wide variety of games attributed to the advancement in technology. The report is a detailed documentation of the impact of gaming on children with references to recent scholarly articles. It also touches on other involved parties in the management of the media entertainmentRead MorePlaying Video Games Is Beneficial To Children 1220 Words   |  5 Pagesradio, the current generations are much more advanced regarding their choices of technology, relying on their smart phones, tablets, and game consoles to help them pass their free time. Todays youngest generation in particular, enjoys playing video games. Although parents may be concerned about the amount of time their children are spending on these video games, they should realize the numerous benefits to playing video ga mes that have been identified, including increased problem solving skills andRead MoreImpact Of Technology On The Entertainment Industry Essay1677 Words   |  7 Pages Entertainment and Technology Technology has been beneficial to the entertainment industry. the Internet has evolved over the course of time, we are able to browse the internet, communicate in a more proficient way, live stream, and sharing memories with family and friends. The Internet can be used in many different ways but entertainment has improved the internet’s popularity.Technology has provided use with more ways to entertain ourselves.Smartphone, eReaders and gaming are some of thing thatRead MoreTechnology Is Evolving Every Single Day Essay1696 Words   |  7 PagesTechnology is evolving every single day. Whether it is the newest and innovative microwave or a high definition 4K display televisions, technology has a huge influence in modern society. Like technology, video games are evolving just as fast; video games are now being created and exported faster than ever. There are a large variety of games that are being made. Any person today, could find and enjoy a game in a matter of minutes. Whet her it is for casually playing games with family, or a competitiveRead MorePlaying Video Games Help You With Decision Making1444 Words   |  6 Pageslife style? Playing video games also help you with decision making. With all the different genres of games and their different difficulties, and individual is challenged and is made to make haste decisions in game to survive or to solve a puzzle. Making an accurate and hasty decision while paying games will influence your decision making in real life. When you are faced with a problem you think of many different solutions faster than a non-gamer will. By playing video game you can improve yourself inRead MoreVideo Games Should Not Be Classified989 Words   |  4 PagesVideo games should not be classified as â€Å"bad† and if someone classifies them that way then hopefully they have some kind of different outlook after reading this. Where video games get this negative outlook is from the inglorious bastard genre of the â€Å"a ction† or first person shooter, when in reality, that’s one genre of 10’s if not 100’s of others that are established. Video games do in fact have beneficial attributes even though people think of them as addictive brainwashing mechanisms, and thereRead MoreThe Documentary, Digital Nation, Directed By Rachel Dretzin1130 Words   |  5 PagesThe documentary, Digital Nation, directed by Rachel Dretzin in 2010 addresses the topic of technology changing global culture as well as the effect it’s having on the youngest generation. Digital Nation showcases the change as both positive and negative. The negative side being the â€Å"Dumbest Generation† viewpoint, as well as the â€Å"dangers† of videogames. Furthermore, the documentary glorifies the previous generation by looking at the past with a nostalgic view, suggesting that we were better off beforeRead MoreThe Effects of Video Games on Children1656 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction For more than 30 years, video gaming has been a popular activity amongst many of America’s children. With over $63 billion (Reuters, reuters.com) worth sold each year, video games are here to stay. While much controversy has arisen over the subject, video games have benefited the United States of America and its citizens to a great degree. For example, the military and CIA use gaming to train soldiers (Davidson, www.ehow.com), and classrooms use video games to teach students. The potentialRead MoreThe Ultimate Gaming Experience : Buy Their Stocks1057 Words   |  5 PagesAmirul Azim Ali PSU ID: 968395250 Title: The Ultimate Gaming Experience: Buy Their Stocks Gaming activities are significantly becoming integrated into the human’s life. According to the recent study done by Entertainment Software Association in 2015, they found out that 155 million of Americans play video games. More interestingly, four out of five US households now own a device used to play video games. That device could be computer, gaming platform and also mobile devices. This information isRead MoreVideo Games And Its Impact On The Gaming Industry916 Words   |  4 Pagesthat a gaming computer instead of a gaming console is the practical alternative. I persuade gamers to stop pouring their money into these gaming consoles, instead purchase or build a gaming computer. I will discuss how a gaming computer is a better purchase than a gaming console because of improved graphics, financial gain, upgrade compatibility, versatile controller options, game selections, learning opportunities, and alternative capabilities. You may be thinking, I’m not interesting gaming or It’s

The Bolshevik Revolution of October 1917-Essay Review

In 1917, in the midst of the Great War, Russia faced one of the biggest political shifts that the Tsarist-ruled country had ever known-the Bolshevik Revolution. There are two significant time frames associated with the Bolshevik Revolution. In the February revolution Tsar Nicholas II abdicated his throne and a Provisional Government took control. In the October revolution the Bolsheviks took power by overthrowing the Provisional Government. How did the October revolution become a reality? What factors facilitated the Bolshevik Revolution of October 1917? Two important factors were the July event at Taurida Palace, and the Kornilov Affair. Richard Pipes describes in detail how Lenin influenced the Bolshevik party throughout the†¦show more content†¦After the July event, Lvov’s resignation, Kerensky took control as the new Prime Minister. Richard Pipes gives a detailed account of the events that led up to the July event and the Bolsheviks’ preparedness. The Bolsheviks were opportunists and used propaganda to influence and agitate, gives credit to their political strategy. The Bolsheviks saw an opportunity and used it. They also understood that their timing had to be flawless. They did not want to quell the frenzy they had created among the mutineers; however, a premature large-scale uprising would give the Provisional Government an excuse to crush them. Although the July event was a setback for the Bolsheviks, it did create a growing dissatisfaction among the soldiers. Many had no more will to fight, and lost their faith in the government. This would prove crucial when Kerensky would, with failed attempts, call on them to defend the Winter Palace against insurgents in the October Revolution. An important factor that facilitated the Bolshevik Revolution was the Kornilov Affair. Pipes and Fitzpatrick disagree in that Fitzpatrick refers to the Kornilov Affair as a coup based on national interest. Pipes refers to the Kornilov Affair as a coup in response to deception. Fitzpatrick writes the coup attempt by Kornilov was of his own design and without provocation. Pipes however, establishes the Kornilov Affair was a result of Kerensky’s misperceptions. Kerensky felt that as headShow MoreRelatedStalin s Power Of The Communist Party Essay3755 Words   |  16 PagesHow was Stalin able to assume control of the Communist Party by 1929? The assumption of power by Joseph Stalin was arguably one of the most significant periods of Bolshevik Russia’s history. Stalin is recognised as one of the most influential men to have ever lead Russia, and he did so through the largest war the world has ever faced, World War II, and through the beginning of one of the most tense periods of modern history, the Cold War. It is easy however, to get lost in the legacy Stalin leftRead MoreThe Policies of Lenin and Stalin Essay2283 Words   |  10 Pageshistorians of the time believed that Stalin was the natural heir of Lenin, opinions have changed with time. As more evidence came out of Stalin’s mass atrocities, the Soviet historians soon began to see Stalin as the betrayer of the revolution as Trotsky had always maintained, and in an attempt to save Lenin’s reputation, they were also keen to point out how Lenin himself was unsure about Stalin, stating in his famous testament that ‘I am not sure whether he (Stalin) willRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell And Animal Farm Essay2095 Words   |  9 PagesGeorge Orwell, however, had a knack for this talent. In his essay Why I Write (1946), he concluded that Animal Farm was the first book in which he tried, with full consciousness of what he was doing, â€Å"to fuse political purpose and artistic purpose into one whole.† Virtually every detail of the book has allegorical significance (e.g., the revolt of the animals against Farmer Jones is Orwell’s analogy with the October 1917 Bolshevik Revolution). It is the book’s political satire that especially providesRead MoreTheory of Democratic Peace2965 Words   |  12 Pagesare more likely to not go to war with other countries. In some cases, this theory has been proven to be true, but in other cases it has not, especially with the United States. There are many proponents and opponents for this theory. Through this essay, the theory is to see if democratic, authorit arian, and totalitarian rule can coexist peacefully together, which will be proven either to be true or untrue. In 1795, Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, wrote the basis for the theory of democraticRead MoreEssay on President Woodrow Wilson4339 Words   |  18 Pageselected to athletic associations. Wilson came into his own during the magical years at Princeton and was interested in politics even then. In an article entitled Cabinet Government in the United States that was published in The International Review when Wilson was a senior, he wrote, Congress is a deliberative body in which there is little real deliberation. A legislature which legislates with no real discussion of business. It was one of Wilson’s first political writings. Coincidentally,Read MoreLiterature and Politics the Impact of Dostoevsky9582 Words   |  39 Pagesas Rohrschach Test, The New York Times, June 13, 1971, reprinted in Dostoevsky, Crime and Punishment, Norton Critical Edition edited by George Gibian (New York: W.W. Norton, 1975), pp. 629-636. *Rozanovs work will be cited in the text of this essay as R, and Sandoz as S, followed by the page number. 40 THE POLITICAL SCIENCE REVIEWER frustrating to find that a single novel can convey views which range from sensualism to asceticism, from atheism to Catholicism to Orthodoxy to satanismRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesPHILADELPHIA Temple University Press 1601 North Broad Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 www.temple.edu/tempress Copyright  © 2010 by Temple University All rights reserved Published 2010 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Essays on twentieth century history / edited by Michael Peter Adas for the American Historical Association. p. cm.—(Critical perspectives on the past) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-4399-0269-1 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0270-7Read MoreGlobalization and It Effects on Cultural Integration: the Case of the Czech Republic.27217 Words   |  109 Pagescalculations of percentages, and averages. In addition to this, the data was illustrated in bar charts, and histograms. This can be seen in chapter three. VII. Limitations of the Study The first limitation is that even when the researcher tried to carry a review on some research in the libraries on the effects of globalization on cultural integration in the Czech Republic, there of few textbooks, which have dealt with this topic. Secondly, even with the few ones, some there were mostly in other languages

My Unhealthy Habit Of Smoking Cigarettes - 940 Words

For my lifestyle wellness project I chose to change my unhealthy habit of smoking cigarettes. My measurable objective is that I m going to limit myself to three cigarettes a day over the next several weeks. I have chosen this as my measurable objective because I feel that I will be more successful in achieving my goal of quitting smoking if I gradually cut back instead of quitting cold turkey. I m going to ask my family for support in helping me achieve my goal by not leaving cigarette packs around the house and backyard. I am also going to enlist the support and motivation of my boyfriend To measure my progress over time I will keep a journal or diary. This journal will include things like my triggers, how I feel, and what kind of progress I am making. I started changing my behavior of smoking cigarettes on Wednesday, March 4, 2015. Overall, the whole process of choosing a measurable objective, developing a behavior change program, and implementing the program was a complete su ccess. I feel that I have achieved my goal of limiting myself to only three cigarettes a day. I also feel that I have more energy and I am much healthier than what I was smoking six to ten cigarettes a day. I wouldn t say that I experienced any failures while changing my behavior however, I did experience a couple barriers in the beginning that could have potentially held me back from achieving my goal. When I first started implementing my action plan program it was very difficult for me toShow MoreRelatedTobacco Is The Primary Source Of Unnecessary Sickness And Death930 Words   |  4 Pagesindividual problem however, it also has the ability to affect societal issues. Addictions of any form can impact, an individual’s life, and loved ones. This addiction has the ability to having lasting impacts in a person’s health. Research shows smoking long term use can develop lung cancer, heart disease. Many times the addict has the choice to partake in using the drug, but u sing the drug extended period of time it begins to alter the mental functions producing the choice of using the drug outRead MoreThe Dangers Of Smoking And Smoking861 Words   |  4 Pagescreatures of habit. Whether it is realized or not, everyone has habits. Some habits are healthy: going to the gym, a morning run, and falling asleep at the same time every night, are all examples of healthy habits. Conversely, some individuals make choices that turn into habits, which are unhealthy. In the eyes of society, smoking is one of the worst habits a person can have. Through the analysis of smokers’ routines, it may be possible to find ways to help them curb their unhealthy practices. Read More Smoking Essay example605 Words   |  3 PagesSmoking Introduction Some governments have banned smoking in all public places. Smoking has been proven to be very dangerous to health. Nonetheless 40 % of the population smokes. Actually I am a non smoker, although I used to be a smoker. Most people try out smoking when they are young ; many youths think smoking is a good grown-up habit. Furthermore many young people begin smoking as an act of rebellion and independence. Young smokers start smoking at their age of 12 or 13 just to get aRead MoreMy Ad For An Anti Smoking Campaign894 Words   |  4 PagesMy ad for an anti smoking campaign shows a picture of a baby smoking a cigarette as half the baby s face is decaying. To the right of this image there is text that states, I smoke second hand. Right below that in smaller text is a warning that reads, Warning: may kill your baby. After closely analyzing this image I found that the argument for this advertisement is: Smoking not only effects you but the people around you too. This ad is very effective due the fact that the distinctive featureRead MoreThe Addiction Of Cigarettes And Teen Smoking894 Words   |  4 PagesMy presenting problem is my addiction to cigarettes. I was 13 years old the first time I smoked a cig arette. My addiction began due to peer pressure. Smoking was my way of building social relationships. However, soon I was smoking more or an equal amount of cigarettes than my friends. Since the age of 19, I have been smoking twenty cigarettes a day, which is a pack of cigarettes daily. My addiction to cigarettes is a problem because it is affecting my health. I become fatigued due to smoking. WhenRead MoreThe Dangers of Cigarette Smoking1040 Words   |  5 PagesCigarette smoking is a dangerous habit that most users regret starting on. Nowadays, smoking can cause health problems for any human. Whether or not cigarette smoking should be banned completely, has become an object of controversy in many countries. Some people think that smoking cigarettes are a helpful way to reduce stress for the moment. In my point of view, tobacco smoking has seriously negative effects such as smoking-related cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, cancer and it costsRead MoreThe Smoking Of Ci garette Smoking855 Words   |  4 Pagesthings that a mother has to pass down to her unborn child. Unfortunately, this also means the bad, unhealthy choices that a mother bestows on her child as well. What a mother ingests is what her growing fetus ingests through her umbilical cord; the life line from the mother to the precious innocent life she holds so dear. The goal of this paper is to give some insight on the use of cigarette smoking in pregnancy. Let’s begin with a short history of what was previously called Nicotiana. Today it isRead MoreSmoking Is Bad for Health985 Words   |  4 PagesWhy get addicted? The nicotine which is found in cigarettes is amazingly addictive. Cigarette smoking is the greatest single cause of illness and premature death in the UK. . A 2007 report states that about 4.9 million people worldwide each year die sadly, as a result of smoking. Cigarette smoking is the major cause of lung cancer. Tobacco smoking is the most popular practice by over one billion people in the majority of all human societies. About 30,000 people in the UK die from lung cancer eachRead MoreShould Smoking Be Banned?845 Words   |  4 PagesThe smoking population in London stands around 1.2 million and with such a significant percentage of this city with the habit, it is unsurprising the ban has caused such wide controversy. Without hesitation, I add my voice to the chorus of non-smokers who think this ban goes too far. However, I am not saying that smoking is in any way good as I am extremely aware of the gruesome health risks and unattractive photos of black lungs and lopsided livers that litter the media. I just ask of you Britain;Read MoreSmoking Is A Well Known Habit1354 Words   |  6 PagesSmoking is a well known habit. Many people smoke despite its obvious and widely advertised deleterious effects on health. Smoking is not only bad for the immediate users, but also the people surrounding them. It is an addiction that can effect others without their consent. Not only is it unhealthy physically but also a very expensive habit. It costs millions a year, and that is just to buy enough cigarettes to satisfy your addiction, not counting the cost of medical care needed, renovations of homes

The Guide to the National Quality Standard - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss aboutThe Guide to the National Quality Standard. Answer: The rights of a person are one of the basic freedoms avoided to the person in the society keeping in mind their ethical moral and the social needs of the individual. In this essay, the importance of the protection of the rights of the children is discussed along with the ethical dilemmas faced by an individual in providing for those rights. The ethical dilemma of an individual is a situation in which they have to work out between two or more possible choices all of which are correct (Newman, 2002). A person undergoing this dilemma in a social care service may have a great impact on the organization. The United Nations Convention for the Rights of children brought forward a number of rights of the children, which are to be kept in mind by the adults who formulate policies and laws for the governance of the society (Unicef.org, 2018). The rights of the children under the UNCRC takes into consideration the different ways that the children are affected in the society due to the actions o f the adults and therefore takes into account the very different perspective of ascribing them their own rights which are to be kept in mind by all the societies. The case of Mayah is a scenario where the different ethical and the moral duties of the adults responsible for her well being are in conflict presenting a number of social and ethical dilemmas. The overall situation that provides an ethical dilemma among the children of various ages is the proper consideration to be given to the choice of the children considering them as developed self informed individuals. The special preference given to Mayah as per the request of her parents will be difficult for the instructor as more individuals might ask for this and this can lead to discrimination among children (Newman Pollnitz, 2005). The social identity theory of the people often leads to identification of the children from different ethnicities as others among them. This poses an ethical dilemma in the minds of the people and the morality and the ethics of their duty. In the case of Mayah, it is the duty of the instructor to provide what she needs at the childcare and their acting over the instruction of her parents will accentuate the problems. These ethnic and the moral issues are to be heeded in case the situation is to be controlled and improved among the people working in t he children education and the childcare services. Discrimination is a major issue and may change the overall outlook of the children who are discriminated against in the society. there are a number of issues that need to be addressed by the director of the childcare and the parents to come to common terms in the case of Mayah. The ethical, issues and the moral dilemmas come into play as the different issues that are presented in the situation (Kennedy, 2009). The moral and ethical grounds of this scenario cannot be easily assessed as it is exceedingly tough to come to common conclusion based on their individual perceptions of the behavior of Mayah. The issues that are presented in the scenario is a major issue that the adults are taking decision of the needs of the child based on the rules st by them and the rights of the child may be curbed in such scenario. The children rights should not be curbed even in such scenarios where the different children are to be provided by a person keeping in mind the moral duty of the service. The c ode of ethics of the people working in such ethical and moral scenarios face a number of issues due the different scenarios that are faced in working in the social sector. The ethical dilemma, according to me, arises out of the need of the different ethical decisions to be made by an individual in the different scenarios. As a social worker and a family support provider one needs to understanding and adaptable to the different scenarios they may face in their works (Lansdown, 2005). The educator faces a dilemma as he acts against the norms of code of ethics that he has been taught to act upon therefore he cannot curb her right to sleep when she needs that sleep for the request of her parents. The devising of the various policies of the social welfare also needs to heed such scenarios proving the provision of a course of action for the educator in such scenarios. The ethical dilemma faced by the people in these situations by the formulators of the law is to make them more for the social welfare of than just the adults (McNaughton, Smith Lawrence, 2003). The overall situations of the child welfare laws should be kept in mind while making policies for the society. The discrimination among the children by the social workers is one of the major issues faced in the society. There are a number issues faced by the children causing a number of issues that are to be addressed in such a scenario, the parents have their own dilemma of having trouble with the child, the educator has to follow the norms fulfilling the ethical and moral duty and the director has to look forward to the proper running of the childcare and address the issues forwarded by the parents. The self-reflection is an important part of the work among the social workers, which helps them to ethically understand the different issues that are being faced by the children (Dunphy, 2012). The problem arises in the formulation of a different ideology to address all the issues presented in the scenario. The overall challenges presented in the form of the dilemma among the different social workers lead to a number of issues such as improper communications. The lack of communications between t he social workers and the people they provide the service to presents a major issue among the different working social workers in the society. The different laws of the code of ethics of the behavior towards the children should form a national standard of behavioral laws (ACECQA, 2013). The dilemma can be countered by formulating a general set of laws of behavior that would be acceptable towards the children in the modern scenario. The developmental ethics among the children today poses a great ethical dilemma among the educators in different places (DEEWR, 2009). Moreover, according to Early Childhood Australia code of ethics the children have to be given their own rights and be allowed to perform their own course of actions lest they mean any harm. I think there are a number of ways to counter the ethical and the moral dilemma that plagues the different workers working for the welfare of the different parts of the society. The different issues that are to be heeded on by the social workers are the fact that they have a large part to play in the overall development of the society and the cognitive development of the children (Earlychildhoodaustralia.org.au, 2018). In the given scenario the educator should meet with the different people involved I the well being of Mayah and inform the different situations that should be taken care of. It is very tough to set up a common moral ground in case of a single child as the educator cannot address all the issues presented in the situation without the parental support. One of the major issues that the welfare workers face is of the ethnic diversity and discrimination based on their western approach. This is something, which I will counter by self-reflection rather than adopting any outward measures. The whole discrimination dwell of identifying oneself with a group or kind, but as a social worker I am the one who should be serving the society (Australian Childrens Education and Care Quality Authority (ACECQA), 2013). I think all the social workers should tend to have the humanitarian approach while doing this kind of work. I think in the case of Mayah I have to stick to the Australian code of ethics for the decisions I have to make for the welfare of the child. the lookout of the educator of a childcare is the proper cognitive development of the child, for which she needs the necessary sleep. The educators and families of the child should be in regular contact with each other in such cases. The dilemma the case of Mayah causes has a relatively simple solution that her sleep cycle should be changed and she should be tested for any other problems that is leading to an irritable behavior. To achieve this the parents and the educator should keep a tabulated chart of the behaviors of the child in different scenarios that present themselves through the growth years. The growth and development of the child depends on the daily schedule of the child and it should be made according to her needs and not the requirement of the adults around her (The Ministerial Council for Education, Early Childhood Development and Youth Affairs, 2011). The parents of children from different ethnicities should be told to encourage their children to use common language and not form ethnicity based friendships which has become one of the major issues of discrimination. The laws of Australia protects the children from being discriminated against which all the social workers usually abide by but it becomes exceedingly difficult for them to understand if they discriminate subconsciously. The ethical dilemma in such cases should be tackled by self-contemplation and choosing the best course of action in the given scenario. The overall situation that may present themselves to the workers in this situation may often lead to favoritism towards a certain set of students (Legislation.gov.au, 2018). The scenarios faced in this situation by the organization in such cases have a great impact on the future of the child. Some dilemmas cannot be addressed easily and some situations have to be taken care of keeping in mind the situation and not the laws. Nevertheless the rights of Mayah as a child have to be considered. Therefore, it can be seen that the different issues in this situation can be addressed by using the different social and the cultural measures in the society. The ethical dilemma of the social workers regarding the decision making in the case of children needs to be addressed by the individual using self-reflection. The overall ethical dilemma is the decision to be made in way that the rights of the children are not hampered. The parents the educator and the childcare facility has to reach a common ground to address such issues. References ACECQA (2013). Guide to the National Quality Standard. Retrieved from https://files.acecqa.gov.au/files/National-Quality-Framework-Resources-Kit/NQF-Resource-03-Guide-to-NQS.pdf Alderson, P. (2008). Children's Provision Rights. In Young children's rights: Exploring beliefs, principles and practice (2nd ed., pp. 78-110). London: Open University Press. Australian Childrens Education and Care Quality Authority (ACECQA). (2013). Guide to the Education and Care Services National Law and the Education and Care Services National Regulations 2011. Retrieved from https://files.acecqa.gov.au/files/National-Quality-Framework-Resources-Kit/NQF-Resource-02-Guide-to-ECS-Law-Regs.pdf DEEWR. (2009). Belonging, Being and Becoming: The Early Years learning Framework for Australia. Retrieved from https://docs.education.gov.au/system/files/doc/other/belonging_being_and_becoming_the_early_years_learning_framework_for_australia.pdf Reading 5.1 ECA (2016). Dunphy, E. (2012). Children's participation rights in early childhood education and care: the case of early literacy learning and pedagogy. International Journal of Early Years Education, 20(3), pp. 290-299. Earlychildhoodaustralia.org.au. (2018).Code of Ethics. [online] Available at: https://www.earlychildhoodaustralia.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/ECA-COE-Brochure-2016.pdf [Accessed 22 Jan. 2018]. Kennedy. (2009). Ethics: A Part of everyday practice in child care. Putting Children First the magazine of the National Childcare Accreditation Council (NCAC), 29 (pp. 9-11). Lansdown, G. (2005). Can you hear me? The right of young children to participate in the decisions affecting them. The Netherlands: Bernard Van Leer Foundation. Legislation.gov.au. (2018).Australian Education Act 2013. [online] Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2013A00067 [Accessed 22 Jan. 2018]. McNaughton, G., Smith, K., Lawrence, H. (2003). Hearing young childrens voices. Children's Services Branch, ACT Department of Education, Youth and Family Services. https://www.children.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0013/1065100/under5report.pdf(If the link doesnt open use your internet browser). Newman, L. (2002). Responding ethically when families and professionals disagree. Every Child, 8(2), p. 17. Newman, L., Pollnitz ,L. (2005). Understanding Ethics. In Working with children and families: Professional, legal and ethical issues. Frenchs Forest: Pearson Education. The Ministerial Council for Education, Early Childhood Development and Youth Affairs. (2011). Education and Care Services National Regulations. Retrieved from https://www.acecqa.gov.au/national-regulations OR https://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/#/view/regulation/2011/653 Unicef.org. (2018).A summary of the rights under the Convention on the Rights of the Child. [online] Available at: https://www.unicef.org/crc/files/Rights_overview.pdf [Accessed 22 Jan. 2018].

Fiscal Policy Definition

The macroeconomic policy is usually seen as having two components namely the fiscal policy and the monetary policy. Fiscal policy portrays the process of government funding, and the activities that are funded, including compiling a government budget.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Fiscal Policy Definition specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In order to uphold fiscal policy, the population as well as the individuals who purchase government debt instruments need to see it as predictable and capable of continuing with its debt payments. When government revenue sources are able to accommodate its expenses in terms of government programs, then the fiscal policy is observed to be prudent. The rationality of a fiscal policy is also observed when the government informs the population of its budget and the concept behind coming up with that kind of a budget, which is a regular process due to the auditing of government finan cial statements. The association between fiscal policy and monetary policy is that a nation’s currency would lose its value if its fiscal policy was observed to be unsustainable (Barro and Redlick 2009). According to Keynesian economists, unemployment can be easily managed by governments using fiscal policy, in that it can increase the demand in the economy. Employment is observed to be a product of the demand created in the economy due to private economic activity. When this does not create adequate opportunities, fiscal policy can increase the demand by stimulating economic activity, leading to increases employment opportunities. According to Keynes, fiscal policy is a strategy used to involve the government in dynamic organization of the economy. Keynes observed the need for the government to take an active role due to the prolonged cases of unemployment during the Great Depression. This respected economist came up with the idea that the government should create job opport unities without having to rely on the private sector (Keynes 2010). An active fiscal policy helps to stimulate an upward cycle of economic activity. This is made possible by the government’s use of taxing and spending policy. Ideally, the private sector invests in productive assets in order to maximize its output, which leads to a higher demand for labour, therefore creating employment. The stimulus generated from active fiscal policy is referred to as fiscal stimulus. Through fiscal stimulus, the government spends more, which results in higher income for private individuals. As a result, these individuals spend more through consumption, which increases the demand for commodities.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Higher demand for commodities implies the need for increased supply, which is possible by the increased company output. In order for companies to increase the ir output, they need to hire more people, who then begin spending based on their income. This generates a cycle, due to increased demand for commodities imposed by the new spenders, which translate to more output, and more labourers. This is the upward cycle of economic activity, referred to as demand management (Ilzetzki 2010). Fiscal stimulus is made possible through deficit spending. This is because the government expenditure is higher than its revenue. Government fiscal policies are based on the methods used by governments to formulate fiscal stimulus based on deficit spending, which creates government programs. According to Ilzetzki, there are several methods of creating deficit spending (Ilzetzki, Mendoza and Và ©gh 2010). â€Å"Increased government spending with taxes remaining unchanged, reduced taxes with unchanged government spending, and the combination of reduced taxes and increased government spending.† The first instance of deficit spending was observed in 1938 , when the federal government budget increased by about 6% from the previous year (Ilzetzki, Mendoza and Và ©gh 2010). The fiscal stimulus is meant to produce a temporary improvement in economic activity that leads to commencement of the upward cycle. Deficit spending is observed to work in theory but not practically. The fiscal stimulus has been observed to increase government spending, which in turn creates employment, but the spending does not decrease once its purpose is attained. This is because the extra spending by the government is used to start programs for particular groups, and the government cannot withdraw from such programs, or reduce its funding. Economists have observed that the private sector is in a better place to create long term productivity. This is because unlike the government, the private sector operates on a profit incentive. Deficit spending is observed to be increase the government debt, and this demands the resources in the community to be redirected fr om the private sector in order to pay the debt (Fatà ¡s and Mihov 2001).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Fiscal Policy Definition specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The ‘Golden Rule’ of fiscal policy was adopted by the Labour Party when Gordon Brown was Chancellor. This rule states that: â€Å"The government should borrow to invest only for future needs, over the full economic cycle. The tax revenues should be used to meet current needs in order to allow for stable finances as defined by ratios of public sector net worth, debt and current expenditure to national income (Ilzetzki 2010).† At the same time, the UK government intended to abide to the sustainable investment rule. This was aimed at maintaining the national debt at a rational level. In the year 2008 the public debt had risen from 40$ to 42% of GDP, and was expected to increase to 70% by 2010. The coordination between the UK monetary and fiscal policy was examined for the presence of any issues, resulting from the formation of the Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR). Creation of the OBR was advantageous in that it increased the confidence levels of the economic forecasts on which fiscal policy was based by not being affected by political expediency (Ilzetzki 2010). The possible effects of fiscal policy on the economy were the increased debt and deficits due to long-term interest rates, requiring consolidation for growth based on lower long-term interest rates and decreased demand due to contraction. A contraction was expected to cause depreciation in exchange rates, and an increase in external demand, but this effect would be decreased by the simultaneous reduction in demand by trading partners of the UK. Optimal design of the fiscal policy demanded that the taxes be stable to reduce costs on the private sector. It was also necessary that the government corrects the shocks to debt, in order to contain its mag nitude. The other factor influencing the optimal fiscal policy was the worry that he lack of action in reducing government debt would lead to reduced private investment. The policy also found it prudent to share the risk in various generations, whereby the effects of a war or crisis would not be imposed on a single generation (Barro and Redlick 2009).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Mundell-Flemming model illustrates an increase in exchange rates due to fiscal stimulus, in nations where the exchange rates are flexible. This is seen to balance the effect of the fiscal stimulus, as it leads to reduced exports and more imports. In order for the central banks to ensure stable exchange rates, they decrease the interest rates as a result of increased government consumption after a fiscal stimulus. Central banks aimed at increasing inflation tend to raise the interest rates in order to oppose the stress caused by inflation due to fiscal expansion. This counteracts the stimulative effect of fiscal policy, hence nullifying the fiscal stimulus. The effects of fiscal stimulus are dependent on the association between fiscal policy and monetary policy. The response of the Bank of England in evaluating the possible outcomes of the economy resulting from the stern measures implemented by the UK government is an example of this. The response of the bank would take an appro ach that is similar to that of most central banks if it contains the economic costs using loose monetary policy, though it is unlikely to react in such a manner due to the banks rates and unusual programme of purchase of assets (Barro and Redlick 2009). Delays have been observed in the implementation of public policy, in demand management using fiscal policy. The fiscal stimulus is most effectively implemented when the economy is performing poorly. From studies conducted on the processes of deficit spending, increased economic growth and employment has been followed by decreased economic growth and unemployment. This is because it is not easy to predict the best time to implement a fiscal stimulus, which is at the exact moment of the economic downturn. This is because the government requires time to compile a budget proposal that suggests the stimulus. The budget then has to be approved by the legislative body. The government then needs to spend, and wait for the effect to raise the demand, according to the economic cycle. These lags in public policy are problematic for the effective management of the economy, by the government, using fiscal policy (Fatà ¡s and Mihov 2001). It is possible for the government and the private sector to compete for the scarce economic resources simultaneously, when the government spends on one of its programs while the private sector increases its economic resources. This makes the fiscal stimulus spending counterproductive, and capable of making the situation worse, due to the usage of the scarce resources during the crisis. The budget cycles of all governments use fiscal policy, though its use as demand management raises issues that result in debate in economics (Fatà ¡s and Mihov 2001). Reference List Barro, Robert, J and Charles, J. Redlick, 2009. â€Å"Macroeconomic e ¤ects from government purchases and taxes.† NBER Working Papers No. 15369. Fatà ¡s, Antonio and Ilian Mihov, 2001. â€Å"The effects of fiscal poli cy on consumption and employment: Theory and evidence.† CEPR Discussion Papers 2760. Ilzetzki, Ethan, 2010. Does Fiscal Policy Work? London: CentrePiece Autumn. Ilzetzki, Ethan, Enrique G. Mendoza and Carlos A. Và ©gh, 2010. â€Å"How Big (Small?) are Fiscal Multipliers?† NBER Working Paper No. 16479, pp 1-23. Keynes, John Maynard, 2010. The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, 1936. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing. This essay on Fiscal Policy Definition was written and submitted by user Jerry I. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Events and Legacy of the Amistad Case of 1840

Events and Legacy of the Amistad Case of 1840 While it began more than 4,000 miles from the jurisdiction of the U.S. federal courts, the Amistad Case of 1840 remains one of the most dramatic and meaningful legal battles in America’s history. More than 20 years before the start of the Civil War, the struggle of 53 enslaved Africans, who after violently freeing themselves from their captors, went on to seek their freedom in the United States highlighted the growing abolitionist movement by turning the federal courts into a public forum on the very legality of slavery. The Enslavement In the spring of 1839, traders in the Lomboko slave factory near the West African coastal town of Sulima sent more than 500 enslaved Africans to then Spanish-ruled Cuba for sale. Most of the slaves had been taken from the West African region of Mende, now a part of Sierra Leone. At a slave sale in Havana, infamous Cuban plantation owner and slave trader Jose Ruiz bought 49 of the enslaved men and Ruiz’s associate Pedro Montes bought three young girls and a boy. Ruiz and Montes chartered the Spanish schooner La Amistad (Spanish for â€Å"The Friendship†) to deliver the Mende slaves to various plantations along the Cuban coast. Ruiz and Montes had secured documents signed by Spanish officials falsely affirming that the Mende people, having lived on Spanish territory for years, were legally owned as slaves. The documents also falsely anointed the individual slaves with Spanish names. Mutiny on the Amistad Before the Amistad reached its first Cuban destination, a number of the Mende slaves escaped from their shackles in the dark of night. Led by an African named Sengbe Pieh – known to the Spanish and Americans as Joseph Cinquà © – the escaped slaves killed the Amistad’s captain and cook, overpowered the rest of the crew, and took control of the ship. Cinquà © and his accomplices spared Ruiz and Montes on the condition that they take them back to West Africa. Ruiz and Montes agreed and set a course due west. However, as the Mende slept, the Spanish crew steered the Amistad northwest hoping to encounter friendly Spanish slaving ships headed for the United States. Two months later, in August 1839, the Amistad ran aground off the coast of Long Island, New York. Desperately in need of food and fresh water, and still planning to sail back to Africa, Joseph Cinquà © led a party onshore to gather supplies for the voyage. Later that day, the disabled Amistad was found and boarded by the officers and crew of the U.S. Navy survey ship Washington, commanded by Lieutenant Thomas Gedney. The Washington escorted the Amistad, along with the surviving Mende Africans to New London, Connecticut. After reaching New London, Lieutenant Gedney informed the U.S. marshal of the incident and requested a court hearing to determine the disposition of the Amistad and her â€Å"cargo.† At the preliminary hearing, Lieutenant Gedney argued that under admiralty law – the set of laws dealing ships at sea – he should be granted ownership of the Amistad, its cargo and the Mende Africans. Suspicion arose that Gedney intended to sell the Africans for profit and had, in fact, chosen to land in Connecticut, because slavery was still legal there. The Mende people were placed in the custody of the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut and the legal battles began. The discovery of the Amistad resulted in two precedent-setting lawsuits that would ultimately leave the fate of the Mende Africans up to the U.S. Supreme Court. Criminal Charges Against the Mende The Mende African men were charged with piracy and murder arising from their armed takeover of the Amistad. In September 1839, a grand jury appointed by the U.S. Circuit Court for the District of Connecticut considered the charges against the Mende. Serving as the presiding judge in the district court, U.S. Supreme Court Justice Smith Thompson ruled that the U.S. courts had no jurisdiction over alleged crimes at sea on foreign-owned vessels. As a result, all criminal charges against the Mende were dropped. During the circuit court session, abolitionist lawyers presented two writs of habeas corpus demanding that the Mende be released from federal custody. However, Justice Thompson ruled that due to the pending property claims, the Mende could not be released. Justice Thompson also noted that the Constitution and federal laws still protected the rights of slave owners. While the criminal charges against them had been dropped, the Mende Africans remained in custody because they were still the subject of multiple property claims for them pending in the U.S. district court. Who ‘Owned’ the Mende? Besides Lieutenant Gedney, the Spanish plantation owners and slave traders, Ruiz and Montes petitioned the district court to return the Mende to them as their original property. The Spanish government, of course, wanted its ship back and demanded that the Mende â€Å"slaves† be sent to Cuba to be tried in Spanish courts. On January 7, 1840, Judge Andrew Judson convened the Amistad case trial before the U.S. District Court of in New Haven, Connecticut. An abolition advocacy group had secured the services of attorney Roger Sherman Baldwin to represent the Mende Africans. Baldwin, who had been one of the first Americans to interview Joseph Cinquà ©, cited natural rights and laws governing slavery in Spanish territories as reasons the Mende were not slaves in the eyes of U.S. law. While U.S. President Martin Van Buren at first approved the Spanish government’s claim, Secretary of State John Forsyth pointed out that under the constitutionally mandated â€Å"separation of powers,† the executive branch could not interfere with the actions of the judicial branch. In addition, noted Forsyth, Van Buren could not order the release of the Spanish slave traders Ruiz and Montes from prison in Connecticut since doing so would amount to federal interference in the powers reserved to the states.   More interested in protecting the honor of his nation’s Queen, than the practices of American federalism, the Spanish minister argued that the arrest of Spanish subjects Ruiz and Montes and the seizure of their â€Å"Negro property† by the United States violated the terms of a 1795 treaty between the two nations. In light of the treaty, Sec. of State Forsyth ordered a U.S. attorney to go before the U. S. District Court and support Spain’s argument that since a U.S. ship had â€Å"rescued† the Amistad, the U.S. was obligated to return the ship and its cargo to Spain. Treaty-or-not, Judge Judson ruled that since they were free when they were captured in Africa, the Mende were not Spanish slaves and should be returned to Africa. Judge Judson further ruled that the Mende were not the private property of the Spanish slave traders Ruiz and Montes  and that the officers of the U.S. naval vessel Washington were entitled only to the salvage value from the sale of the Amistad’s non-human cargo.   Decision Appealed to U.S. Circuit Court The U.S. Circuit Court in Hartford, Connecticut, convened on April 29, 1840, to hear the multiple appeals to Judge Judson’s district court decision. The Spanish Crown, represented by the U.S. attorney, appealed Judson’s ruling that the Mende Africans were not slaves. The Spanish cargo owners appealed the salvage award to the officers of The Washington. Roger Sherman Baldwin, representing the Mende asked that Spain’s appeal should be denied, arguing that the U.S. government had no right to support the claims of foreign governments in the U.S. courts. Hoping to help speed the case ahead to the Supreme Court, Justice Smith Thompson issued a brief, pro forma decree upholding Judge Judson’s district court decision. The Supreme Court Appeal Responding to pressure from Spain and growing public opinion from the Southern states against the federal courts’ abolitionist leanings, the U.S. government appealed the Amistad decision to the Supreme Court.   On February 22, 1841, the Supreme Court, with Chief Justice Roger Taney presiding, heard opening arguments in the Amistad case. Representing the U.S. government, Attorney General Henry Gilpin argued that the 1795 treaty obligated the U.S. to return the Mende, as Spanish slaves, to their Cuban captors, Ruiz and Montes. To do otherwise, Gilpin warned the court, could threaten all future U.S. commerce with other countries. Roger Sherman Baldwin argued that the lower court’s ruling that the Mende Africans were not slaves should be upheld. Aware that a majority of the Supreme Court justices were from Southern states at the time, the Christian Missionary Association convinced former President and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams to join Baldwin in arguing for the Mendes’ freedom. In what would become a classic day in Supreme Court history, Adams passionately argued that by denying the Mende their freedom, the court would be rejecting the very principles upon which the American republic had been founded. Citing the Declaration of Independence’s acknowledgment â€Å"that all men are created equal,† Adams called on the court to respect the Mende Africans’ natural rights. On March 9, 1841, the Supreme Court upheld the circuit court’s ruling that the Mende Africans were not slaves under Spanish law and that the U.S. federal courts lacked the authority to order their delivery to the Spanish government. In the court’s 7-1 majority opinion, Justice Joseph Story noted that since the Mende, rather than the Cuban slave traders, were in possession of the Amistad when it was found in U.S. territory, the Mende could not be considered as slaves imported into the U.S. illegally. The Supreme Court also ordered the Connecticut circuit court to release the Mende from custody. Joseph Cinquà © and the other surviving Mende were free persons. The Return to Africa While it declared them free, the Supreme Court’s decision had not provided the Mende with a way to return to their homes. To help them raise money for the trip, abolitionist and church groups scheduled a series of public appearances at which the Mende sang, read Bible passages, and told personal stories of their enslavement and struggle for freedom. Thanks to the attendance fees and donations raised at these appearances, the 35 surviving Mende, along with a small group of American missionaries, sailed from New York for Sierra Leone in November 1841. The Legacy of the Amistad Case The Amistad case and the Mende Africans’ fight for freedom galvanized the growing U.S. abolitionist movement and widened the political and societal division between the antislavery North and the slave-holding South. Many historians consider the Amistad case to be one of the events that led to the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861. After returning to their homes, the Amistad survivors worked to initiate a series of political reforms throughout West Africa that would eventually lead to the independence of Sierra Leone from Great Britain in 1961. Long after the Civil War and emancipation, the Amistad case continued to have an impact on the development of African-American culture. Just as it had helped lay the groundwork for the abolition of slavery, the Amistad case served as a rallying cry for racial equality during the modern Civil Rights movement in America.

Standardization And Adaptation Strategies of Macdonalds, Pepsi, Toyota Essay - 8

Standardization And Adaptation Strategies of Macdonalds, Pepsi, Toyota Motors in International Market - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the globalization of the world has totally changed the way to carry out business as companies forced to be precocious concerning the choice of their internationalization strategy. The last few decades have transformed the business world into a marketing mix where companies strive in making globalized decisions to fit the competition spectrum. With globalization, a set of universal needs has developed among people all over the globe, therefore setting a pace for companies to no longer target markets by country. Instead, they target by the segment that congregates groups of citizens from diverse countries with universal needs. This trend is so robustly present in the current world that it creates a completely different class of companies that benefit from international markets. Fascinatingly, the concepts of standardization and adaptation strategies are not new terms in the global marketing perspective. Product strategies of standardizat ion and adaptation experimental investigation have been in existence since the 1970s. Nonetheless, the entry of companies in the international arena does not come effortlessly, for many of these companies are encountered with the challenges of whether to standardize or adapt the essentials of their marketing blend. As stated earlier, the entry of Multinationals in the international market is characterized by some challenges, the researcher will analyze some of the challenges these companies are facing. A final segment of this report will be a recommendation or likely solution to the challenges these companies are facing.

Marketing plan Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Marketing plan - Coursework Example The service-profit chain is a concept introduced in the Harvard Business Review in 1994. A book describing the concept was published in 1997. According to the description, in the book, the service-profit chain serves to demonstrate the existing relationship between service excellence and a company’s financial growth and performance. According to this concept, profitability and revenue growth come because of customer loyalty. Without customer satisfaction, loyalty does not result. Therefore, organizations strive to ensure that their services exhibit a high-perceived value to the customer in a bid to increase customer satisfaction. It is impossible to achieve high levels of customer satisfaction if the employees do not exhibit high levels of commitment and outstanding competencies (Yee et al., 2009). Therefore, organizations seek to hire individuals with remarkable competencies and empower them through training programs in order to increase their productivity. Empowered employee s are more likely to serve customers in an exemplary manner. The Starbucks Company has relied on the service-profit chain in order to register the evident financial performance. The company invests in human resource development through training programs that empower employee to deliver high-quality customer service. Over the years, the company has applied service innovation in order to ensure that employees serve as a valuable link between the organization and the customers. The company regards employees as partners, a factor that triggers employee satisfaction. The satisfied employees have worked for Starbucks for a long time registering high levels of productivity. Since employees are in a position to deliver service value to customers, the company prides itself with high levels of customer satisfaction (Gold, 2010). Due to the high levels of satisfaction that customers

Training And Development Analysis Essay Example for Free

Training And Development Analysis Essay Training and education have been increasingly conceived as contributing to the quality and productivity of work and thus the profitability of the organization. When good employees are hired, the organization is benefited by investing in their skill development. The training and development of the employees serve many purposes, apart from quality and productivity improvement. The organization becomes ready to adopt advanced technologies and is also able to find replacements when personnel move up the organization or leave it (ZeroMillion, 2002). Employees become more efficient and motivated and the organization also has adequate human resources for its expansion plans. In earlier times, people were selected and developed as managers based on knowledge of their work and understanding of the organization’s requirements. Workers were told on the requirements and expectations of the management, and the workers delivered it. There were no programs directed at career counseling and performance reviews. The need for stress counseling, interpersonal skills improvement, career advancement, recognition and rewarding was not felt. However in the 1950s to 1980s, the management began focusing on the need to train on core functioning areas like planning, finance, sales and accounting etc. Participants deeply involved themselves on a topic and then moved to another topic. Most management schools did not emphasize on an integrated curriculum of all topics. These managers could hardly solve problems as problems were integrated and the approach to solving them was only restricted to the topic relevant. A manager can solve problems effectively by integrating his knowledge and expertise across various domains. With wider recognition of human relations aspect in managing organizations, training programs were developed to improve efficiency and productivity through coaching, motivation, career development etc. (McNamara, 1997)   Today management schools review diverse management topics, analyze them, and apply that understanding to workplace requirement. Training and development play a vital role in an organization’s attempt of total quality (TQ). Training workshops facilitate stimulation of the attendees’ interest and knowledge, which would drive them towards TQ realization. When training workshops fail to encourage the attendees towards TQ realization, then such workshops have very little or no bearing. Many management personnel believe that interest in TQ would be automatically inculcated when employees mingle and share with each other. Thus, they anticipate great positive changes with every training session. However, many people in the managerial and supervisory roles would see the impending changes as a threat to their position and authority, and therefore indulge in tactics to avoid the implementation of changes. Training can bring about changes and wonders when planned and implemented properly. It should be noted here that training is not considered necessary by all companies, as most training events and sessions cannot be directly attributed to outcomes. Therefore some managers tend to perceive training as a luxury of larger companies who can afford to absorb the costs. Training initiatives need to be related to specific outcomes (Atkinson, 1998). By appropriate planning, the trainer is focused to deliver positive and tangible outcomes. When training is managed properly, the required changes or outcomes are successfully realized. However generalized training using inappropriate material, video presentations and irrelevant case studies are more directed towards the self interest of the trainer rather than the organization. Along with technological innovation and, research and development, training and development is also one of the most important investments a company can make for its progress. The quality of the employees is determined by their experiences and exposure within the organization. When these experiences are restricted in terms of time or opportunity for development, then the employees cannot be expected to solve bigger problems. The employees only tend to keep improving their expertise within the scope of their narrow field. Training in management is similar to athletic training in several ways. In athletics, the successful coachers are those who have undergone similar experiences like those of their trainees. The coach here understands how skills are acquired and how mental blocks like attitudes, hinder effective training. The athletic coach wouldn’t straight away plan a training strategy to make the athlete competitive for the Olympics.   The coachers learn the past performances of the athletes, their ups and downs and appropriately design training strategies. Similarly in management training too, the earlier experience and performance of the managers, their strengths and weaknesses are looked into, while planning their training. Past experiences and its associated success and failures, would help in predicting future behavior with and without training. Sometimes training can create problems by fueling hostility from mangers, mainly because of previous disappointments and sustained ill repute, rendering the training a waste of time and resources. However, determined policy makers can convert hostility into meaningful partnerships. Effective partnering can be developed by trainers crediting success and achievements to the managers. Historically, disappointments associated with training are less intense and take longer time to surface. This is because of the strategy adopted by trainers to play safe by ensuring their programs look successful. The trainers incorporate only standard, mild designs and methods to avoid slipping on the outcomes and attempt to camouflage this by asking for more time, staff and resource requirements. Even when managers have a slight positive attitude, there exists opportunities for better collaboration. Such managers would only demand evidence of the worth of the training. The training partner should welcome this and be ready to slow proof. Managers may sometimes want trainers to design programs or modify them to address their needs. By appropriately creating or modifying programs, a partnership is forged and strengthened. There are other managers who support training and partner with it without any critical examination. These managers don’t listen or speculate on informal concerns and go about answering, signing and scheduling the training. Such kind of cooperation and support would be sufficient for training programs that have been well established. However for training associated with change strategies, this support would not be sufficient. When managers presume ownership of training and are in charge of training, they assume a powerful role (Lynton and Pareek, 2000). They actively participate with the trainers and explore opportunities, options and situations for effective training. Proceeding further, managers acquire required competencies in training and join the training team. Managers have detailed understanding of the work settings and work process and their presence in the training team can be very beneficial. Preparing a training budget is an important administrative responsibility of the training manager. An organization’s concern for training is reflected by the amount sanctioned for training against the requested, budgeted amount. It is important for training managers to strive hard to position training within the organization as something that would enable employees to gain what the organization wants them to acquire. Training should not be perceived by internal customers as a mere classroom program or a teaching department. When, due to any finance crunches, budget cutting is required; it would most probably come down to the training budget. However, if the organization at any later date wants to impart some training or sees a need for training, can easily bring in funds from other programs or departments. Thus learning, if deemed necessary, would always be funded. An organization funds its training programs in several ways. Some organizations have a central training budget from where funds are efficiently transferred to the training department to take care of the organization’s training needs. Sometimes the training department is allocated sufficient money to run its own affairs, like its department’s salaries, supplies and over heads etc. The funds required for the conduct of the programs comes from the budgets of the departments requiring the training. The training department normally raises a charge for its services. Organizations use various terminologies for its budget like budget accounts or chart of accounts; and its own terminology for budgeted items. However a typical budget for the training department includes salaries, benefits, recruitment, consulting, supplies, postage, travel, communications etc. After allocation of funds, the training department tracks its spending on the basis of the same categories. Using a spread sheet, a report is generated showing the expenses for each category in the current month, year-to-date expenses, budget amount for the year and the remainder left for the year. All organizations have their own policies and format for reporting financial data and the training manager too has to conform to this. Employees rely on training, not only to improve their expertise on their current job, but also to help them prepare for responsibilities and prospects. Each job must be designed to provide opportunities for learning and growth. The jobs must be able to enhance skill variety, incorporate task significance and also include autonomy and feedback. Job dissatisfaction is an obvious outcome caused by jobs that are seemingly unrewarding in themselves. Employee resignations and turnover is also increased when people are not trained properly. Employees begin to feel that the demands made on them cannot be fully delivered without proper training. When new employees are not provided adequate training, they experience an ‘induction crises’. Learning and training programs raise existing skills and competences among employees to expected standards, while increasing their morale and confidence. Employees must be encouraged to acquire new skills so that they can assume bigger responsibilities and perform various tasks. Such multi-tasking would also help them to earn more under skill-competency based pay structure. Training is very important when organizations experience change. All successful change implementation efforts need to be supported by enabling structures like retention programs, rewards system and outplacement programs. Retention programs are very crucial as change implementation can turn out to be a major cause for employee turn over. Employees are generally encouraged to those aspects of work, which are rewarded and discard those aspects, which are not rewarded. Thus employees can be reallocated by appropriate training. Sometimes, change implementation may involve downsizing. However, the organization should work out to ensure minimal damage by downsizing, as downsizing can jeopardize any change implementation effort. Before laying off any employee, the manager must consider if the employee has any skills that can be deployed in another position or division of the organization. Here again the prospects of training for adapting is considered. Only when the employee looks incapable of acquiring newer skills or when the employee is not very enthusiastic of training should lay off be considered. If layoff is inevitable, the organization should ensure that a comprehensive outplacement services are offered to him, so that the employee holds the organization in high esteem in his further association with the industry (Harvard, 2005). When organizations introduce technological changes, the work processes are changed and training is required to help employees to perform their new responsibilities with ease and confidence. The machine and its human operator are two complementary units of the work process, and none can replace the other. Science-driven changes are fast and multidirectional. The impact of technology and its bearing on competition is very vast. Different technologies have varying impact on management systems. Technologies used in their work processing in banking, insurance, production line etc., require system redesign and new operator skills. In steel and power generation plants, the central control is carried out by electronic technology. Genetic, bioengineering and instrumentation technology backed procedures require considerable amount of decentralization and cooperation at operator levels. Thus change of technology or introduction of new technology into the work cycle, create certain demands to redesign the work process and work environment, for which training is necessary (Saini and Khan). While training programs are mainly proposed at the employer levels, work unions can also play a crucial role in training and development. The achievements of British trade unions is a standing example of what it can achieve for its members when it’s focused on training and learning. During the last few years, the British trade unions have adopted training and learning as an important element of their agenda. The role of unions in establishing ‘learning agreements’ with employers, creating union learning representative (ULR) and several union learning programs are seen as success stories associated with unions. Unions have also been provided a stakeholder role in the vocational education and training system (VET). Today, most of the important institutional bodies include a formal representation of unions. Unions are represented in the learning skills council (LSC) and the sector skills council (SSC). New sector skills agreements and regional skills agreements have been formed in sectors where unions are present. The Trade Union Congress (TUC) has a formal representation on the National Skills Alliance to advice government on the implementation and progress of skills strategy. Although unions have very limited role at the policy formulation level, they have a larger new role in improving workplace learning. The establishment of the union learning representative is perceived as an innovation of the central union. The role of the representative is to support and motivate workers in taking up workplace learning. The success of workplace learning is evident from the associated facts and figures. As of December 2006, the TUC claims to have trained over 13,000 ULRs. More than 3000 workplaces have been covered with over 450 union learning projects, while over 67,000 learners benefit from these courses each year. There have also been many cases where unions have been in partnership with employers to develop learning and skills acquirement. It is important to note here that employers and employees perceive training and training success in different ways. Employers prefer to develop-specific skills that directly help their business. Union and employees on the other hand, would want to develop broad transferable skills, which can help in an individual’s employment and career. Such programs are very valuable to the employees and sometimes be a life changing experience for many. It helps them to advance their career, while also encouraging them to become more active in the union. A unionlearn random postal survey has highlighted an enormous latent demand for learning (Unionlearn, 2007)  Ã‚   Over 96% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that it is important to always be learning. People also wanted to take to learning for various reasons. About 81% of people wanted to study for their personal development or as a leisure time activity, while 56% wanted to learn, to benefit at their work. Sometimes workplace training is imparted remotely too through e-learning. The benefits of technology in learning is not just restricted to classroom learning alone, but also to workplace learning. The workplace trainer here needs to have appropriate teaching skills to help the understanding of remote students. The remote workplace trainer requires technology-based instructing skills, comparable to that of an academic teacher. In the coming years, probably all teachers, academic or workplace, would be trained to handle remote teaching, given the trend of e-learning. Successful e-learning for the American workforce calls for combined action by the public and private sectors. Quality issues, assessment and certification, and access to e-learning opportunities are vital areas that need to be focused to make e-learning more beneficial. Business houses need to realize the potential of e-learning and integrate e-learning into their strategies and operations. A training program is designed based on the assessed needs or requirement of the members.   The learning needs are separated into groups and the groups connected in a logical manner. Each group is then associated with goals or outcomes to be realized at the end of the training program. The goals are split into learning objectives, which are specific requirements that a trainee must know or be capable of, once the program is completed. For instance, if an organization’s needs are assessed and found that its supervisors should learn more on performance management, then the training program should have the following outcomes: 1) Supervisors should know the company policy on performance management. 2) Supervisors should manage employee performance only according to the rules and procedures of the company. 3) Supervisors must conduct themselves with the legal limits when addressing performance management issues. When a training program is to designed, it is essential that all departments are involved in it with the training department (O’Connor, Bronner and Delaney, 2003). A wider representation and involvement is necessary as the training outcomes would virtually affect everyone in the organization. The design team should also be represented by members from HR and Legal Departments. Based on the identified needs and the training outcomes, the duration of the training program and the modules are planned. The training professional must ensure that the program activity incorporate good instructional and adult learning principles. The program should have various activities giving priority to group work and interaction than individual readings or lectures. The programs should reflect the organizational culture while being focused on individual learning. The design of the training program should have relevance to the experience and knowledge existing already with the participants. The program should stop once the required learning has been accomplished. Segmenting a designed program helps the training team and the participants to focus on packets of contents, one at a time, for more clarity. The program content may be divided into days, with each day divided into units and each unit divided into modules. The effectiveness of a training session can be evaluated by several parameters. The training can be said to be efficient and effective when it has achieved its objectives. The validity of the training is determined by ascertaining whether the training has been able to solve problems associated with output, service and outflow. The validity of the training program is also seen from the perspective of the participants, whether it has met their needs.   The training program is evaluated by measuring the overall cost benefit of the program while validation is the judgment of objectives achievement. Using a series of tests and assessments, internal validation can be carried out to ascertain whether the participants have acquired knowledge, skills or experienced attitude modification. Common measuring instruments are the opinion of the attendees, opinion of trainers, opinion of managers and opinion of peers and colleagues.   The knowledge gained by training can also assessed through oral, written, objective or practical tests. The skills acquired can be assessed by asking the trainee to demonstrate the skills with a checklist and without a checklist, before judges (Ramaswami, 1992). The checklist must reflect the actions or procedures required to be performed. The attitudes of trainees are measured by actual observation of behavior, by judges, or by an attitude scale for reference. Apart from the training imparted, it has been perceived that certain attributes of the trainer itself can contribute to the influence of the participants. When the trainer is prepared and confident, the participants are convinced and feel at ease. When the trainer is enthusiastic and purpose-oriented, the trainees become interested and get a clear objective. The responsibility and involvement in enhancing productivity has gradually shifted from the management level executives to the capable and knowledgeable workers. The management facilitates and encourages workers to work independently and determine ways of doing things in a better way. This approach is significantly different from its earlier approach of controlling and instructing workers. The management also wants its employees to share their knowledge and expertise with others so that the organization benefits from the new knowledge. With more work being automated, workers have to think of ways and techniques appropriate to the speed and requirements of the automated facility. Learning is necessary to realize and understand better, the ways to doing things that would benefit the customer. Learning is very different from training, which is imparting of skills required for a particular task or work requirement. Learning is an ongoing process, which doesn’t require exclusive sessions or classes; and is perhaps the heart of productive activity (Thite, 2004). Given the globalization and intense competition in the market place, a suitable idea from anyone is appreciated as long as it contributes to process improvement. Ideas even help transform organizations by breaking new grounds. People are encouraged to think of solutions and apply them to their daily work. Organizations need to realize the power of learning and benefit from it to successfully face global competition. REFERENCES Unionlearn.(2007) The role of trade unions in the formation and distribution of learning and skills, [Electronic Version] downloaded on 12th May, 2008 from http://www.unionlearn.org.uk/policy/learn-2042-f0.pdf ZeroMillion (2002). Employee training and Development [Electronic Version] downloaded on 13th May, 2008 from 4. Employee Training and Development McNamara C. (1997) Brief History of Management training and Development. [Electronic Version] downloaded on 13th May, 2008 from http://www.managementhelp.org/mgmt_dev/history/history.htm Atkinson P., (1998) Creating Culture Change; Strategies for Success, Jaico Publishing House O’Connor, Bronner and Delaney (2003) Training for Organizations, Thomson Learning, Singapore Ramaswami N, (1992) A Handbook of Training Development, T.R. Publications Lynton R.P, Pareek U., (2000) Training for Organizational Transformation Sage Publications    Harvard (2005), The Essentials of Managing Change and Transition. Publisher: Harvard Business School Press. Thite M., (2004). Managing People in the New Economy. Response Books. Sage Publication Saini D.S, Khan S.A., (2000), (Eds) Human Resource Management. Perspectives for the New Era, Publisher: Response Books, Year of publication 2000.

Symbolism in Hills Like White Elephants, by Ernest Hemingway Essay exam

In a well-written short story, different literary elements and terms are incorporated into the story by the author. Ernest Hemingway frequently uses various literary elements in his writing to entice the reader and enhance each piece that he writes. In Hills Like White Elephants, Hemingway uses symbols to teach the reader certain things that one may encounter during daily life. Symbolism may be defined as relating to, using, or proceeding by means of symbols (Princeton). The use of symbols in Hills Like White Elephants is utterly important to the plot line and to the fundamental meaning of the story. Through this use of symbolism, the reader can begin to reveal the hidden themes in this short story. Hemingway provides the reader with insight into this story, before it is even read, through the title. The girl in the story mentions the hills that can be seen from the train station and describes them as looking like white elephants. Jig is at a crossroads in her life, accompanied by her partner. She is pregnant and cannot decide whether to choose life for the baby, or to get an abortion. Throughout the story, she experiences persistent uncertainty over what she wants to do with her life. Whatever decision she makes will have a drastic impact in her later years as a woman. While seated at the bar inside the train station, the girl says, â€Å"The hills look like white elephants† (Hemingway). The hills that are spotted in the distance directly parallel the decision that Jig must make. Critic Kenneth Johnston was recorded stating, â€Å"A white elephant is a rare pale-gray variety of an Asian elephant held sacred by the Burmese and Siamese. The girl’s reverence for lif e is captured by this meaning of the phrase.† Johnston also says, â€Å"A white ... ...ephants.† Studies in American Fiction. Vol. 10. No. 2. Gale Group, 1999. 233-238. Web. 8 Jan. 2015. Link, Alex. Staking Everything on It: A stylistic Analysis f Linguistic Patterns in â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants.†. The Hemmingway Review. 23.2 (Spring 2004); 66-74. Rpt. In Twentieth-Century Literary Critisism. Vol. 203. Detroit; Gale, 66-74. Literature Resources from Gale. Gale. . 12 Jan. 2015 Rankin, Paul. Hemmingway’s â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants.† Explicator. 63.4 (Summer 2005): 234-237. Rpt. In Short Story Critisism. Ed. Jelena O. Krstovic. Vol. 117. Detroit: Gale, 234-237. Literature Resources from Gale. Gale. . 12 Jan. 2015. â€Å"Symbolism†. WordNet - About WordNet. Web. 25 Jan. 2015. . â€Å"Train†. University of Michigan. Web. 19 Jan 2015. .

Authentic Leadership

Article Summary: Authentic leadership for 21st century project delivery from the International Journal of Project Management APA citation: Lloyd-Walker, Beverley1 beverley. [email  protected] edu. au Walker, Derek(2). International Journal of Project Management; May2011, Vol. 29 Issue 4, p383-395. Retrieved from EBSCOhost, summarized by Rachell Bishop. Summary: The project managers of the 21st century will need to adopt new leadership models to sustain continuous improvement. There are three primary points that the article & study present.CMM (Capability maturity model), Authentic leadership and Alliance project management are at the forefront of the study. The importance of soft skills such as emotional intelligence, relationship building, trust and commitment are emphasized rather than the hard core technical skills held by project managers in general. The necessity to transition from transactional and transformational leadership styles to authentic leadership style is presented in detail. The authors noted the differences in leadership approaches and skill sets that will be necessary for project managers to be successful and remain relevant in the future. . Leadership styles: Transactional, Transformational and Authentic 2. CMM (Capability maturity model): Integration of transactional and transformational leadership styles resulting in authentic leadership paradigm 3. Alliancing: Demonstrated team building and cooperation among project management professionals to achieve optimal project delivery for all not just key stakeholders 4. Authentic leadership soft skills – overall emotional intelligence as demonstrated through ethical and moral actions, integrity and clarity in words and behavior, honesty, fairness and relational development 5.Generational shift: Baby Boomer, Gen X and Gen Y valuation of leadership skill sets must be addressed 6. Project managers and leaders: project-based versus project-oriented 7. Implementation: Communication and engage ment of all stakeholders is key The pilot study and preliminary research results concluded that there are major changes necessary for project management to evolve and remain relevant in the 21st century workplace. Authentic leadership, a CMM plan and soft skills are particularly relevant for the continuous improvement of the project management field.

Biography of Jim Thorpe, Native American Olympian

Jim Thorpe (May 28, 1888–March 28, 1953) is remembered as one of the greatest athletes of all time and one of the most celebrated Native Americans in modern times. At the 1912 Olympics, Jim Thorpe accomplished the unprecedented feat of winning gold medals in both the pentathlon and the decathlon. Although he was stripped of his medals due to a violation of his amateur status prior to the Olympics, Thorpe went on to play both professional baseball and football and was an especially gifted football player. Fast Facts: Jim Thorpe Known For: Jim Thorpe was a native American athlete known for his Olympic gold medals in the pentathlon and the decathlon.Also Known As: James Francis Thorpe, Wa-tho-huk (Native American name meaning Bright Path), and The Worlds Greatest AthleteBorn: May 28, 1888 in Prague, OklahomaParents: Hiram Thorpe and Charlotte VieuxDied: March 28, 1953 in Lomita, CaliforniaEducation: Carlisle Indian Industrial School, Haskell Indian Junior CollegeAwards and Honors: Gold medals in the pentathlon and decathlon (later stripped because of amateur status violation)Spouse(s): Iva Miller, Freeda Kirkpatrick, Patricia AskewChildren: 8Notable Quote: I am no more proud of my career as an athlete than I am of the fact that I am a direct descendant of that noble warrior [Chief Black Hawk]. Early Life Jim Thorpe and his twin brother Charlie were born on May 28, 1888, in Prague, Oklahoma to Hiram Thorpe and Charlotte Vieux. Both parents were of mixed Native American and European heritage. Hiram and Charlotte had a total of 11 children, six of whom died in early childhood. On his fathers side, Jim Thorpe was related to the great warrior Black Hawk, whose people (the Sac and Fox tribe) had originally come from the Lake Michigan region. (They were forced by the United States government to resettle in the Oklahoma Indian Territory in 1869.) The Thorpes lived in a log farmhouse on the Sac and Fox reservation, where they grew crops and raised livestock. Although most members of their tribe wore traditional native clothing and spoke the Sac and Fox language, the Thorpes adopted many customs of white people. They wore standard American clothing and spoke English at home. (English was the only language Jims parents had in common.) Charlotte, who was part French and part Potawatomi Indian, insisted that her children be raised as Roman Catholics. The twins did everything together, including fishing, hunting, wrestling, and horseback riding. At the age of 6, Jim and Charlie were sent to the reservation school, a boarding school run by the federal government 20 miles away. Following the prevailing racist ideas of the times—that whites were superior to Native Americans—students were taught to live in the manner of white people and forbidden to speak their native language. Although the twins were different in temperament (Charlie was studious, whereas Jim preferred sports), they were very close. Sadly, when the boys were 8, an epidemic swept through their school and Charlie fell sick and died in late 1896. Jim was devastated. He lost interest in school and sports and repeatedly ran away from school. A Troubled Youth Hiram sent Jim to Haskell Indian Junior College in 1898 in an effort to discourage him from running away. The government-run school, located 300 miles away in Lawrence, Kansas, operated on a military system, with students wearing uniforms and following a strict set of regulations. Although he chafed at the idea of being told what to do, Thorpe made an attempt to fit in at Haskell. After watching the varsity football team at Haskell, Thorpe was inspired to organize football games with other boys at the school. Leaving School Thorpes adherence to his fathers wishes didnt last. In the summer of 1901, Thorpe heard his father had been seriously hurt in a hunting accident and, in a hurry to get home, left Haskell without permission. At first, Thorpe hopped on a train, but it was unfortunately headed in the wrong direction. After getting off the train, he walked most of the way home, hitching rides occasionally. After his two-week trek, Thorpe arrived home only to discover that his father was recovered yet very angry about what his son had done. Despite his father’s fury, Thorpe chose to stay on his fathers farm and help out instead of returning to Haskell. Only a few months later, Thorpes mother died from blood poisoning following childbirth (the infant died as well). Thorpe and his entire family were devastated. After his mother’s death, tensions within the family grew. After an especially bad argument—followed by a beating from his father—Thorpe left home and headed to Texas. There, at the age of 13, Thorpe found work taming wild horses. He loved the work and managed to support himself for a year. Upon his return home, Thorpe discovered that he had earned his fathers respect. This time, Thorpe agreed to enroll in a nearby public school, where he participated in baseball and track and field. With seemingly little effort, Thorpe excelled at whatever sport he attempted. The Carlisle Indian School In 1904, a representative from the Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Pennsylvania came to the Oklahoma Territory looking for candidates for the trade school. (Carlisle had been founded by an army officer in 1879 as a vocational boarding school for young Native Americans.) Thorpes father convinced Jim to enroll at Carlisle, knowing there were few opportunities available for him in Oklahoma. Thorpe entered the Carlisle School in June 1904 at age 16. He had hoped to become an electrician, but because Carlisle didnt offer that course of study, Thorpe opted to become a tailor. Not long after hed begun his studies, Thorpe received staggering news. His father had died of blood poisoning, the same illness that had taken his mothers life. Thorpe coped with his loss by immersing himself in the Carlisle tradition known as outing, in which students were sent to live with (and work for) white families in order to learn white customs. Thorpe went on three such ventures, spending several months at a time working in roles such as a gardener and farm worker. School Sports Thorpe returned to school from his last outing in 1907, having grown taller and more muscular. He joined an intramural football team, where his impressive performance gained the attention of coaches in both football and track and field. Thorpe joined the varsity track team in 1907 and later the football team. Both sports were coached by football coaching legend Glenn Pop Warner. In track and field, Thorpe excelled in every event and often broke records at meets. Thorpe also led his small school to football victories over larger, more famous colleges, including Harvard and West Point. Among the opposing players he met on the field was future president Dwight D. Eisenhower of West Point. The 1912 Olympics In 1910, Thorpe decided to take a break from school and find a way to earn money. During two consecutive summers (1910 and 1911), Thorpe accepted an offer to play minor league baseball in North Carolina. It was a decision he would come to regret deeply. In the fall of 1911, Pop Warner convinced Jim to return to Carlisle. Thorpe had another stellar football season, earning recognition as a first-team All-American halfback. In the spring of 1912, Thorpe re-joined the track and field team with a new goal in mind: he would begin training for a spot on the U.S. Olympic team in track and field. Pop Warner believed that Thorpes all-around skills would make him an ideal candidate for the decathlon—a grueling competition comprised of 10 events. Thorpe qualified for both the pentathlon and decathlon for the American team. The 24-year-old set sail for Stockholm, Sweden in June 1912. At the Olympics, Thorpes performance surpassed all expectations. He dominated in both the pentathlon and decathlon, winning gold medals in both events. (He remains the only athlete in history to have done so.) His record-breaking scores handily beat all of his rivals and would remain unbroken for three decades. Upon his return to the United States, Thorpe was hailed as a hero and honored with a ticker-tape parade in New York City. Jim Thorpe’s Olympic Scandal At Pop Warners urging, Thorpe returned to Carlisle for the 1912 football season, during which he helped his team achieve 12 wins and only one loss. Thorpe began his last semester at Carlisle in January 1913. He looked forward to a bright future with his fiancà ©e Iva Miller, a fellow student at Carlisle. In late January of that year, a newspaper article surfaced in Worcester, Massachusetts claiming that Thorpe had earned money playing professional baseball and therefore could not be considered an amateur athlete. Because only amateur athletes could participate in the Olympics at that time, the International Olympic Committee stripped Thorpe of his medals and his records were erased from the books. Thorpe readily admitted that he had played in the minor leagues and had been paid a small salary. He also admitted ignorance of the fact that playing baseball would make him ineligible to compete in track and field events at the Olympics. Thorpe later learned that many college athletes played on professional teams during the summer, but they played under assumed names in order to maintain their amateur status in school. Going Pro in Baseball A mere 10 days after losing his Olympic medals, Thorpe turned professional for good, withdrawing from Carlisle and signing a contract to play major league baseball with the New York Giants. Baseball wasnt Thorpes strongest sport, but the Giants knew that his name would sell tickets. After spending some time in the minors improving his skills, Thorpe started the 1914 season with the Giants. Thorpe and Iva Miller married in October 1913. They had their first child, James Jr., in 1915, followed by three daughters over the eight years of their marriage. The Thorpes suffered the loss of James, Jr. to polio in 1918. Thorpe spent three years with the Giants and then played for the Cincinnati Reds and later the Boston Braves. His major league career ended in 1919 in Boston; he played minor league baseball for another nine years, retiring from the game in 1928 at the age of 40. Football Career During his time as a baseball player, Thorpe also played professional football beginning in 1915. Thorpe played halfback for the Canton Bulldogs for six years, leading them to many major victories. A multi-talented player, Thorpe was proficient at running, passing, tackling, and even kicking. Thorpes punts averaged an incredible 60 yards. Thorpe later played for the Oorang Indians (an all-Native American team) and The Rock Island Independents. By 1925, the 37-year-olds athletic skills had begun to decline. Thorpe announced his retirement from pro football in 1925, although he did play occasionally for various teams over the next four years. Life After Sports Thorpe divorced Iva Miller in 1923 and married Freeda Kirkpatrick in October 1925. During their 16-year marriage, they had four sons together. Thorpe and Freeda divorced in 1941. Thorpe struggled to stay employed after leaving professional sports. He moved from state to state, working as a painter, security guard, and ditch digger. Thorpe tried out for some movie roles but was awarded only a few cameos, mainly playing Indian chiefs. Thorpe lived in Los Angeles when the 1932 Olympics came to the city but he did not have enough money to buy a ticket to the Summer Games. When the press reported Thorpes predicament, Vice President Charles Curtis, himself of Native American descent, invited Thorpe to sit with him. When Thorpes presence was announced to the crowd, he was honored with a standing ovation. As public interest in the former Olympian grew, Thorpe began to receive offers for speaking engagements. He earned little money for his appearances but enjoyed giving inspiring speeches to young people. The speaking tour, however, kept Thorpe away from his family for long periods of time. Later Years In 1937, Thorpe returned to Oklahoma to promote the rights of Native Americans. He joined a movement to abolish the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), the government entity that oversaw all aspects of life on reservations. The Wheeler Bill, which would allow native peoples to manage their own affairs, failed to pass in the legislature. During World War II, Thorpe worked as a security guard at a Ford auto plant. He suffered a heart attack in 1943 only a year after taking the job, prompting him to resign. In June 1945, Thorpe married Patricia Askew. Soon after the wedding, 57-year-old Jim Thorpe enlisted in the merchant marines and was assigned to a ship that carried ammunition to Allied forces. After the war, Thorpe worked for the Chicago Park Districts recreation department, promoting fitness and teaching track skills to young people. The 1951 Hollywood film Jim Thorpe, All-American starred Burt Lancaster and told Thorpe’s story. Thorpe served as technical advisor for the film, although he made no money from the film itself. Death In September 1952, Thorpe suffered a second, more serious heart attack. He recovered, but the following year he suffered a third, fatal heart attack on March 28, 1953, at the age of 64 in Lomita, California. Thorpe is buried in a mausoleum in Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania, a town that agreed to change its name in order to win the privilege of housing Thorpes memorial. Legacy In 1950, Thorpe was voted by Associated Press sportswriters as the greatest football player of the half-century. Just months later, he was honored as the best male athlete of the half-century. His competition for the title included sports legends such as Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey, and Jesse Owens. Later that same year he was inducted into the Professional Football Hall of Fame. Three decades after Thorpes death, the International Olympic Committee reversed its decision and issued duplicate medals to Jim Thorpes children in 1983. Thorpes achievements have been re-entered into Olympic record books and he is now widely acknowledged as one of the greatest athletes of all time. Sources Birchfield, D. L.  Jim Thorpe, Worlds Greatest Athlete.  Modern Curriculum Press, 1994.Buford, Kate. Native American Son: The Life and Sporting Legend of Jim Thorpe. Knopf,  2010.